amfetamine临床药物动力学和相关物质:监测在常规和非常规矩阵。
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de la Torre R, Farre M,纳瓦罗M, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Pichini年代
amfetamine临床药物动力学和相关物质:监测在常规和非常规矩阵。
Pharmacokinet。2004年,43 (3):157 - 85。doi: 10.2165 / 00003088-200443030-00002。
- PubMed ID
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14871155 (在PubMed]
- 文摘
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amfetamine-type兴奋剂的消费,包括古典amfetamines和设计师药物,被认为是一个最重要的药物滥用的趋势在过去的一个世纪的结束和开始的。第一个原因是增加消费在青年methylenedioxy——和methoxy-substituted amfetamines,药理学的人类目前正在调查。其次,滥用更古典amfetamines amfetamine本身和metamfetamine等,继续在某些地理区域是非常普遍的。Amfetamines强大的精神刺激剂,生产提高警觉性,失眠,失眠,能量和自信与减少疲劳和食欲以及增强的心情,幸福和兴奋。从临床药代动力学的角度来看,amfetamine-type兴奋剂相当均匀。其口服生物利用度好,具有高分布体积(4 L /公斤)和低与血浆蛋白结合(少于20%)。消除半衰期是6 - 12小时。肝和肾清除率有助于他们从身体消除。肝代谢广泛在大多数情况下,但很大一部分药物总是依然没有改变。Amfetamine和相关化合物基础薄弱、pKa约9.9,和相对较低的分子量。 These characteristics allow amfetamine-type stimulants to diffuse easily across cell membranes and lipid layers and to those tissues or biological substrates with a more acidic pH than blood, facilitating their detection in alternative matrices at relatively high concentrations. In most cases, the concentrations found are higher than expected from the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Drug monitoring in non-conventional biological matrices (e.g. saliva, hair, nails, sweat) has recently gained much attention because of its possible applications in clinical and forensic toxicology. An individual's past history of medication, compliance or drug abuse can be obtained from testing of hair and nails, whereas data on current status of drug use can be provided by analysis of sweat and saliva. Because of the physicochemical properties of amfetamine-type stimulants, this group of drugs is one of the most suitable for drug testing in non-conventional matrices.
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